AUTHORS E - F
Have a look at the UNIGOU Remote Publications developed by students
participating in the Scientific Training part of the UNIGOU Remote Program:
COBRADI as an Instrument of “Graduation” During the Second Lula Government
Emídio Machado, Leonardo
Abstract:
During the 20th century, the importance of collaboration between States in the international system grew exponentially, especially due to the frightening consequences of the two world wars. In addition, technological advances, especially in the field of communication, have allowed greater contact and integration between nations across the globe. Therefore, the challenge of cooperation between States is of legitimate importance for Brazilian rulers, both for economic, social, cultural or humanitarian reasons and for Brazil’s insertion in the international system. In 2010, recognition by COBRADI, the Lula government gives cooperatives different from the traditional ones to achieve as an important actor in the international system.
Keywords:
International Cooperation, Lula Government, Foreign Policy.
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Cultured Meat: New Perspectives On the Meat Industry
Evans Barbati, Pedro
Abstract:
This paper has the goal of analysing lab-grown meat, made from the extraction of animal cells. First, problems of the meat industry are debated. After that, a definition of lab-grown meat is sought, as well as clarifications about its synthetization. Subsequently, economic, environmental and market acceptance impacts are analysed, mainly on the context of the European Union and United Nations sustainability goals. The core of the debated proposed in this work is to examine if cultured meat products are able to be a solid alternative for traditional meat under three aspects: (i) environmental protection; (ii) economics and (iii) consumer acceptance. The paper uses concepts of environmental law; animals rights; green economics and sustainability for its development.
Keywords:
Environmental Law; Lab-grown meat; Greenhouse effect; Food Law; Sustainability.
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Theoretical Investigations to Explain Haiti's Famine
Exime, Ethol
Abstract:
The objective of this article is to investigate how the theme of hunger and poverty in Haiti is being discussed in scientific research already carried out theorizing the theme, we adopted as methodological strategy, from a literature review, demarcate the following descriptors: 1) Hunger and poverty in Haiti, 2) Brazilian program Fome Zero, 3) Social programs and 4) Cultural Hunger in the period from August 17 to 23, 2021. We used two databases, of theses and dissertations available online: the Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD) and the Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). The linguistic technique called skimining was used to read the theses, and the analysis was done using the MAXQDA tool, software for qualitative and mixed methods research. It is concluded that the analyzed theses did not provide enough theoretical and conceptual indexes about Haitian hunger. It is considered a separate case that deserves dedication, discussion and reflections, besides the ideas of social programs, since these would imply in investments, funds that the government does not have, it is time for another way to understand the root of hunger and poverty in Haiti.
Keywords:
Cultural Hunger; Hunger and Poverty in Haiti; Zero Hunger Program; Social Programs.
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F
Feuds For and Against Unity: A Critical Comparison
Falcăo de Andrade, Caetano
Abstract:
By critically comparing the literature on feud in its emergence as an anthropological concept, in its development as a tool for interpreting late medieval societies (especially in the German and Bohemian contexts), and in its possible identification in the analysis of Amerindian tribal societies of Latin America, we discovered a legitimate hypothesizing of a concrete spectrum of the feud dynamics of fission and fusion that tends to an universal usage of the concept and further approximates the studies of pre-statal vengeance in different historical contexts.
Keywords:
Peace, Feud, State, Tribe, Europe, Latin America.
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ARIMA Models with Explanatory Variables for Time Series Forecasting on M5 Accuracy Competition
Faluhelyi, Igor
Abstract:
This article delves into an analysis of time series forecasting, building upon existing research in this field by examining ARIMA models with explanatory variables and TBATS models in a particular modern competition context. At the conclusion, the ultimate goal is to present a comprehensive solution for the M5 Accuracy competition, the fifth instalment of the M competitions organized by the M Open Forecasting Centre (MOFC) at the University of Nicosia in 2020. Time series models were utilized to accurately forecast the daily sales volume of retail products sold by Walmart, in accordance with the framework of the M5 competition, since the historical sales data were generously provided by Walmart itself, for this globally open competition hosted on Kaggle (a renowned online community for data scientists and machine learning practitioners). Among the time series models evaluated, the TBATS models stood out, outperforming the ARIMA models and achieving commendable scores in the competition.
Keywords:
Time series forecasting, dynamic regression models, TBATS models, M5 Accuracy competition.
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A Brief Literature Review About the Comprehension of Infographics in Maps
Félix da Rocha, Mariane
Abstract:
Infographics are, basically, information presented in a graphical way. It includes graphics, diagrams, images, illustrations, timelines and amongst other things, maps. This last feature presents the geo-location as data, and combined with infographics may expand the possibilities of thematic cartography, to the point that some authors apply the term geo infographics instead of thematic cartography. Attempting to reunite some perspectives about the comprehension, interpretation or understanding of infographics in maps, or geo infographics, this bibliographical review paper aimed to summarize a few studies on this topic. As a result, 6 studies were found, in which the analyses were separated by educational uses and other contexts. The first group combined bibliographical studies about the benefits of the use of geographic infographics for learning processes; a practical activity on the construction of traditional thematic maps and maps with infographics; and a guide providing more possibilities with the use of infographics in general as well as maps with infographics in teaching. In other contexts, a paper was found about the influence of journalism and social media in the cartographic patterns and maps elaboration; a call for the importance of including maps in the graphical information on disaster risks as a possibility to increasing the engagement in actions for self-protection; and an investigation on how maps and infographics may be used to spread some tendentious messages. In conclusion, there is a notable lack of studies aimed at checking the understanding or interpretation of infographics in maps in specific groups (such as divided by gender, age, educational level…) or with specific graphical materials (for example, testing different styles of maps, charts, colors, diagrams etc.).
Keywords:
Infographics in maps, geoinfographics, graphic information, visual data, interpretation, apprehension, assimilation, perception, bibliographical research.
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Response of Sovereign States to Bitcoin: The use of Blockchain and the Central Bank Digital Currencies
Felix da Silva Mota, Felipe
Abstract:
Throughout history, monetary control has always been in the hands of the State that plays this role in a centralizing way. However, the invention of a decentralized digital currency called Bitcoin in 2008, which at first seemed harmless, sent a warning signal that it could pose a danger and change the course of monetary history. Thus, this article aims to address the response offered by States in the face of the Bitcoin threat and the consequences of this choice based on monetary theories. Finally, it is concluded that, in fact, the advent of Bitcoin has changed the course of monetary history, however, everything indicates that the Bitcoin will not be the protagonist of this new digital age, but rather the States through the digital version of their national currencies known as the Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).
Keywords:
State. Digital currency. Bitcoin. Central Banks. CBDC.
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Pharmacy Education in Brazil on the COVID-19 Pandemic: Current State And Perspectives
Ferreira Bambirra, Eduardo Henrique
Abstract:
Brazilian Pharmacy schools have been extensively adapting their course curricula in response to the latest national guidelines, published in 2017. However, the emergency of Coronavirus Disease 2019 has dramatically affected global education on several levels beyond the suspension of in-person classes, and the impacts promoted by this exceptional context are still unrevealing. This review aims to analyze the challenges and lessons for pharmaceutical education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and to discuss how the current transformations in the profession, also impacted by the pandemic, might influence the students’ development. Thus, a literature review was conducted on MEDLINE and Scopus databases. The few studies identified addressing this topic presented heterogeneous objectives and methods, but demonstrated varied initiatives to implement remote models and engage pharmacy students in this context. Different aspects of the educational process were addressed, evaluating parameters from mental health to the students’ satisfaction with active learning methods tested. Generally, the authors registered positive perceptions of the proposed interventions during the pandemic but reported obstacles such as mental health issues, compromised development of practical skills, structural limitations, and aggravated discrepancies between public and private education. The experiences mentioned in this narrative review should help to reexamine pharmaceutical education, considering aspects such as virtual flexibility, development of computational skills, and reinforcement of evidence-based health care. In addition, fundamental transformations in the pharmacy labor market must certainly impact the educational background of pharmacists in a near future, including the advances in telehealth and clinical pharmacy attributions.
Keywords:
Pharmacy education, COVID-19, distance education, emergency remote learning, Brazilian education.
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Modelling and Analysis of the Cooling System Energy Consumption From Thermal Power Plants Powered by Internal Combustion Engine: Case Study or the Thermal Power Plant Luiz Oscar Rodrigues de Melo
Fonseca do Nascimento, Daniel
Abstract:
Due to the world’s growing energy demand, more efficient power generation processes are crucial for global energy security in the future. A valid strategy to increase the total balance of available energy supply, without increasing the consumption of natural resources unrestrainedly, is to reduce the internal consumption of generating power plants, increasing the
final amount of energy generated. In the Brazilian electricity matrix, there is a large portion of thermoelectric power plants which were initially designed and installed as standby electric power plants, which were to be dispatched only on special occasions. However, as these facilities have an efficiency below the desired and their dispatches have constantly been more frequent than originally planned to supply the national electrical system, they present a great energy savings opportunity. This research developed a case study of the Luiz Oscar Rodrigues Melo Thermoelectric Power Plant (UTE LORM), in which data were collected from the supervisory system and alongside the equipment data, made it possible to develop a simplified computational model that evaluated the electric energy consumption of the existing three-phase induction motors in the radiators of the cooling system, when subjected to different speed controls based on the power supply voltage/frequency ratio. The superiority of keeping the V/f ratio in a quadratic behaviour, rather than a linear one, for fan-type loads was attested, by simulating the computational system model for both controls and assessing that the electric energy consumption was about 1,4% lower, resulting on an average efficiency nearly 2,1% higher during the operation of one of UTE LORM’s generating units on a day with typical weather conditions.
Keywords:
Environmental Law; Lab-grown meat; Greenhouse effect; Food Law; Sustainability.
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A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality in the Acquisition of Second Language
Forero Pataquiva, Francisco de Paula
Abstract:
Innovations in the fields of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) and the availability and usability improvements seen in recent years in these technologies have opened new possibilities in the field of foreign language learning. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework, this study conducted a review of seven recent original articles with empirical data focused on the second language (L2) acquisition using immersive reality technologies. The main aim of this study was to analyze what language skills and what proficiency of students’ language level benefited most from the use of these new technologies. In addition, the authors explored what kind of VR or AR was used since the term may refer to a series of technologies that are not all the same. For instance, VR might mean using headset displays, or it may refer to the use of interactive environments. The results indicate that the current VR and AR tools show a positive impact on L2 acquisition when compared to traditional learning methods, such as book-based learning. As with any recent research field, it should be noted that there are several methodological limitations and that it is necessary to consider the obtained results critically.
Keywords:
Second language acquisition, language learning, applied linguistics, virtual reality.
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How Does Citizen Science Relate to the Colonial Critics of International Relations? A View over Latin America
Fortuna, Larissa
Abstract:
It’s consensual that the International Relations epistemology, in many of its theorical chains and most traditional ways of analysis, has a state-centric, contractual, Caucasian and hegemonic bibliography. The pillars of this discipline rises from a kind of intellectuality that adopts essentially a top-down approach, and therefore reproduces colonial discourses. Citizen Science – a recent scientific method that considers ordinary people as active subjects of science production, making science and reality observations an accessible possibility to a public not necessarily formally inserted in the academic field – appears as an alternative to promote inclusion and decentralization of hegemonic narratives in International Relations. By mapping the increase of Citizen Science in Latin America and in which fields the practice is spreading, observing indicators, reviewing the main Citizen Science platforms and, alongside with other author’s contributions, this research aims to identify tendencies of Citizen Science in Latin America, in special in Social Science segments, in order to prove that advocating toward it is an efficient way to break the Eurocentric theorical tradition in International Relations.
Keywords:
Colonialism, Epistemology, Latin America, Anthropology, Political Economy, Social Science, protagonist, active subjects, bottom-up, science production, mapping, inclusive narratives.
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Analysis of Watercourses and Land Use Based on Automatic Classification of Satellite Images
França Araújo de Melo, Pedro
Abstract:
Remote sensing technology has advanced significantly in recent decades, moving from aerial photographs taken from aircraft to high-resolution multi and hyperspectral images captured by orbital sensors. This progress has been supported by advancements in hardware and software, enabling sophisticated methods for image analysis in remote sensing research. Automatic classification of multispectral images is crucial for extracting information and identifying land cover patterns and other environmental characteristics of interest. In addition to spectral information, spatial information and context of neighboring pixels and objects are important in extracting meaningful information from remote sensing data. Region-based classifiers, which consider not only spectral information but also spatial relationships between pixels and their neighbors, are commonly used. This involves segmenting the image into contiguous pixels with relationships, which should be done prior to classification. In the study presented in this text, results of automatic classification of a Landsat image covering a portion of the municipality of Varginha/MG in Brazil are discussed. A supervised classification was performed using selected training samples. Although the accuracy rates were slightly below the desired level, according to the literature, this is not uncommon for automated classifications in regions with rugged terrain. To improve the quality of the maps, small corrections can be made using vector or raster editing operators available in GIS as a final adjustment procedure. This allows for a combination of automated classifiers and visual interpretation based on field observations to obtain reliable maps of watercourses, land use types, land occupation dynamics and other relevant environmental attributes in the region.
Keywords:
Remote sensing, Image classification, Land use, Satellite Images, Landsat 8.
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Macro Drainage Plan Analysis for Flood Control in the Lower Tamanduateí Basin
Freitas Ferreira Santos, Débora
Abstract:
The work focused on the main proposals and planning for flood mitigation in the Lower Tamanduateí basin and the urban intervention processes for flood mitigation. The general objective of the work was to analyse the evolution of the versions of the Master Plan for Macro Drainage of the Upper Tietê Basin (PDMAT – known as Plano Diretor de Macrodrenagem da Bacia do Alto Tietê), for the proposals made for the Lower Tamanduateí Basin, regarding design and restriction flows and structural proposals to mitigate floods in this basin. Qualitative and quantitative research was carried out, with a deductive method and a documentary research procedure. The main results indicated an increase in the channel flow capacity at the mouth of Tamanduateí between the three versions of PDMAT. The restriction flow value (100-year return period, at the mouth) increased by 142% between versions II and III. Regarding structural proposals, PDMATs I and II brought proposals to build 19 detention reservoirs since 2009, and only 4 of these reservoirs were built by 2022. It was concluded that the interventions made in the main streams over the years, allowed the increase of flow capacity at the mouth, but contributed to the aggravation of floods. Historically, the main modifications made to the Tamanduateí course were not only of sanitary interest but also of financial and real estate interest, due to the appreciation of the land in the floodplains. The most significant difficulty for the implementation of reservoirs is not only monetary but also physical, to find suitable sites for their construction in a basin with a high density of urban occupation. Therefore, studies are proposed to implement smaller reservoirs in lots, such as green infrastructure. Also, it’s recommended that for future work on the concrete results brought about by the implementation of the reservoirs proposed in PDMAT, as to their efficiency and effectiveness in mitigating urban flooding in the Lower Tamanduateí basin, a survey be conducted with appropriate methodology and data to quantitatively evaluate how much it is possible to reduce the flood peak in different scenarios.
Keywords:
Urban flooding, reservoirs, drainage plan.
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Artificial Intelligence: Friend or a Foe?
Falcão Nogueira Miranda, Lígia
Abstract:
As artificial intelligence continues to advance, individuals have grown concerned about the potential threat to their jobs. Wonder if the developer job is being completely replaced for AI. They ponder whether this intelligence might supplant human capabilities, rendering them obsolete. With that in mind, this article is to illustrate how this tool can be exploited and whether its applications would ultimately position it as a foe or as a powerful ally and friend, assisting in the creation of more easy and efficient work, focusing on developer jobs.
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence (AI), developers, ChatGPT, Work Optimization, AI Benefits, AI Efficiency.
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Connection between Soil and Economy of Plateaus of Santa Catarina
Fantin Gebler, Helena
Abstract:
Economic development in agriculture based regions, as well as on other adjacent industries, is greatly dependent on the characteristics of the soil, and what it has that can be extracted by the people working on it. This article aims to better point down what aspects of the different soils in the southern-brazilian state of Santa Catarina have impacted the differing agricultural and economical developments in its multiple geographical sectors. The analysis of multiple studies regarding both agricultural practices, their economical impact, and the geological origins and soil properties in each region of the state were followed by comparison between works. It’s concluded that under poorer soil conditions, its preferred and most economically impactful use is of silviculture and fruit cultivation, that being long-cycled plants. The better the soil conditions, the more impacted its region’s economy are by growth of short-cycled cultivars, such as grain, or even usage of the farmable area to grow livestock, swine and birds. Notably, all mentioned activities occuring in the regions in wich they are not the most economically relevant are mostly performed by smaller, family run farms as subsistence or secondary income.
Keywords:
Soil analysis, Brazilian economics, Geology, Santa Catarina, Agriculture.
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Dissonances of Security in Brazil: An Analysis of the Municipal Security Entities
Farage Boya, Artur
Abstract:
This article delves into the realm of public security in Brazil, focusing on municipal actors and their influence on public policy development and implementation. Although there is extensive literature on police forces and overt action measures, this article contributes to reducing a gap by examining the municipal sphere. The study employs qualitative data analysis, emphasizing a comprehensive understanding of the field and its nuances. The methodology encompasses documental analysis of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, a brief narrative literature review, and data analysis using the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics database. While document analysis reveals the constitutional framework and legal limitations on municipal security roles, the literature review contextualises public security in Brazil. Moreover, quantitative data analysis was used to address the scarcity of municipal security entities, illustrating the dearth of municipal security structures, with 76% of municipalities lacking dedicated entities. Similarly, only 21.3% have Municipal Guards. In this perspective and with the absence of binding legal documents for municipal action in this domain, it was possible to argue that this paucity impedes the development and implementation of effective public security policies at the local level. Thus, this article sheds light on the role and limitations of municipal public security structures in Brazil, defending that to enhance municipal contributions, the country must prioritise the establishment of robust municipal security entities.
Keywords:
Public Security, Municipal Security Entities, Public Policy, Municipal Guards, Brazil.
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Teacher Training: Dropout from Undergraduate Courses at a Federal Institute in Brazil
Faustino Ferber, Ana Paula
Abstract:
This study aims to present the dropout rates in undergraduate teaching degree courses at the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of São Paulo (IFSP) for in-classroom courses and distance learning. The IFSP is a public higher education institution subsidized by the Brazilian federal government. It is an important institution for the qualification of teachers and presents expressive dropout rates. This study is part of exploratory and quantitative research based on data analysis from the Nilo Peçanha Platform (PNP) from 2019 to 2022. We concluded that dropout rates were lower in 2019 and considerably increased in 2022, possibly due to the Covid-19 pandemic period. We suggest that further research should be developed to better understand these dropout rates to propose institutional actions.
Keywords:
School Dropout, Degrees, Teacher Training.
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Surgical Management of Palliative Gastric Cancer- Literature Review
Fernandes Louback, Clara
Abstract:
Introduction: Gastric cancer is the fourth most diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Most patients have advanced status of the disease at the diagnosis, requiring palliative treatment. The primary aim of the palliative treatment is to improve the quality of life, according to the patient’s individual needs. Objective: This article aims to bring together the most up-to-date perspectives on palliative care in gastric cancer, highlighting the most recommended techniques for the associated symptoms and the different forms of presentation of the disease. Methods: Eleven articles were collected in English, Portuguese and Spanish from 2018 to 2023, on Scielo, PubMed, Uptodate and Google Scholar platforms. Results: In a matched cohort, patients undergoing palliative gastrectomy had a longer median overall survival (OS) than patients without surgery. The indication for palliative resection is established in symptomatic patients who have the prospect of benefiting from complementary palliative care. Discussion: Palliative care for gastric cancer patients are indicated at advanced gastric cancer and metastatic gastric cancer, both feature a poor prognosis. Palliative treatment can be local or systemic. In patients with metastatic cancer, symptom control can be achieved through palliative surgical resection, bypass surgery, radiotherapy and endoscopic techniques. Evidence of malignant gastric obstruction and bleeding are specific symptoms of severe gastric cancer, which can be controlled by endoscopy, surgery and/or radiotherapy. Conclusion: To repair malignant gastric obstruction, the return of oral feeding should be considered, assessing the immediate need or stability of feeding. For an immediate approach, endoscopic intervention with stent placement (SEMS) is indicated, which is also recommended for patients who cannot undergo surgery. In an attempt to avoid complications, promote fewer recurrences and greater stability of oral intake, a palliative gastrectomy or gastrojejunostomy should be chosen.
Keywords:
Gastric cancer, palliative care, gastrectomy; gastrojejunostomy.
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Anti-Nmda Encephalitis treatment in Children: An Integrative Review
Ferraz Pozzer Gularte, Daniel
Abstract:
Anti-Nmda Encephalitis is one of the main autoimmune encephalitis diseases which can present with a wide range of symptoms, from psychological to motor, at first proving to be non-specific and difficult to diagnose. However, even with adequate therapy, many patients can still relapse and their symptoms return, or even fail to respond to the first-choice therapies (corticosteroids and immunoglobulins), making it necessary to quickly look for other forms of treatment that have emerged over the years, such as second-line or third-line drugs. In this way, the aim of the paper was to analyze the most conventional (main) drugs and those that have emerged in recent years for the treatment of Anti-Nmda Encephalitis in children.
Keywords:
Anti Nmda encephalitis treatment, Anti Nmda encephalitis new treatment, anti Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis, anti Nmda encefalitis in children.
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Home Literacy Environment, Emergent Literacy and Dyslexia: Implications for Children’s Reading Skill
Ferreira Angelo, Wagner
Abstract:
Emergent literacy has been known as a factor responsible for signiicant results in a child’s endeavor to learn how to read. Emergent literacy, however, requires meaningful interactive experiences with print which is initially stimulated at the child’s own home, also known as home literacy environment (HLE). By definition, HLE is where children may engage in their initial experiences with the written language. Given the importance of the HLE in literacy development, researches have been conducted regarding typically and atypically developing children. Concerning the atypical group, it has been shown that their literacy practices may differ from those with typical development, which seems to affect those children’s emergent literacy skills. Based on the importance of HLE and emergent literacy skills for atypical developing children, this study addressed two aims: a) to map the influence of HLE on emergent literacy skills of dyslexic children through the analysis of recent scientific productions and b) to verify the relevance of Brazilian’s studies in this scientific scenario. A mini literature review was conducted by choosing Scopus as the only database platform to be accessed in our research. In general, formal and informal aspects of HLE experiences have been proven to affect the development of emergent literacy skills in dyslexic children or those at risk for developing dyslexia. Moreover, this subject still seems to be little investigated in Brazil, indicating the existence of a gap in the development of research that relates HLE and atypical developing children, such as dyslexic ones.
Keywords:
Home Literacy Environment, Dyslexia, Emergent Literacy, Reading Skill.
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Brazilian Law: The Protection for Children and Teenagers Against Violence
Fleck, Juliana
Abstract:
This article was developing a discussion about the existence of violence against children and teenagers in Brazilian territory and how the law guarantees adequate protection. The study sought to analyze violence data and the different types of aggression, qualifying and naming them, as well as quantifying this violence in Brazil. Given the data obtained, it’s crucial to understand the existence of legislation that seeks to preserve and assure fundamental rights and the various laws about the subject. Highlighting the need for application and the existence of projects as a means to safeguard the enforcement of regulamentation, as demonstrated by the legal scope for insertion in the Brazilian context. This research broaches qualitative and quantitative methodologies, including data analysis and graphs, as well as a bibliographical review and documentary analysis. The parsing of data demonstrates the numerous cases of child violence, and the inspection of the law evidences the importance of legal regulation in this matter to sustain the children’s rights and how its application becomes efficient for reducing them. The study will offer practical applications of existing programs and alternatives to reduce cases and ensure infant protection, as well as to strengthen the applicability of legislation in the context of violence.
Keywords:
Human Rights, Brazilian Law, Children and Teenagers, Violence.
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The Christie Effects: The Aims of Crime Fiction Made by Agatha Christie
Frazão Riese, Letícia Monize
Abstract:
This work’s objective is to determine and comprehend the restructured of the crime fiction literary genre since Edgar Allan Poe’s first work, “The Murders on Morgue Rue” to the release of Agatha Christie’s first best-seller “The Murder of Roger Ackroyd”, and to analyse the modifications of this genre made by the author with a new pattern of how to write detective fiction after the creation of Hercule Poirot. It’s necessary to understand the significance of previous works from the author to establish a rhythm on the contemporary novels that assume a different shape from the rise of Agatha Christie works.
Keywords:
Literature, fiction, Agatha Christie.